A rash is an area of skin that is irritated, inflamed, or swollen. The color or texture of the skin may change resulting in different skin lesions. Rashes can be painful or itchy but not all of them.
The causes of rashes include infections, autoimmune, allergies, drugs, inflammation, etc. Many rashes can look alike so it is important to identify what is causing the rash and get timely treatment.
Identification in different skin tones
The color of the rash may vary depending on the skin tone. A rash may appear pink or red in lighter skin tones and skin-colored, brown, or gray in darker skin tones.
Some rashes like seborrheic dermatitis may lead to hypopigmented patches in darker skin tones.
36 Different rashes with pictures
Below, you will find pictures of 36 different kinds of skin rashes, along with their possible causes and treatments.
Jump to
- Hand, foot, and mouth disease
- Measles
- Rubella
- Fifth disease
- Roseola
- Chickenpox
- Shingles
- Cold sores
- Ringworm
- Impetigo
- Scarlet fever
- Cellulitis
- Erysipelas
- Scabies
- Swimmer’s itch
- Lyme disease
- Flea bites
- Bed bug bites
- Hives
- Psoriasis
- Pityriasis rosea
- Dyshidrotic eczema
- Atopic dermatitis
- Rosacea
- Seborrheic dermatitis
- Heat rash
- Contact dermatitis
- Perioral dermatitis
- Lichen planus
- Granuloma annulare
- Intertrigo
- Diaper rash
- Stasis dermatitis
- Polymorphic light eruption
- Lupus
- Drug allergy
- Causes
- See a doctor
- Diagnosis
- At home care
1. Hand, foot, and mouth disease
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red spots or blisters.
- Location: Palms and soles (sores in the mouth too).
- Is it itchy? Usually, it’s not itchy.
Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a viral infection, commonly seen in young children (< 5 years of age).
It causes a skin rash that appears as flat or slightly raised red spots on the palms and soles. These may form blisters. It can also lead to sores or blisters in the mouth.
On darker skin tones, the rash spots may appear gray, brown, or darker than the surrounding skin.
The rash may be preceded by fever. The other associated symptoms may be sore throat, feeling sick, and loss of appetite. The rash usually clears in a week
Hand, foot, and mouth disease is contagious and can spread to others.
Cause
It is most commonly caused by a type of enterovirus called coxsackievirus A16.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment. The child should be kept hydrated by giving fluids. Over-the-counter pain medications like Tylenol may be helpful.
Important note: Do not give aspirin to children for any febrile or viral illness as it is associated with a serious condition – Reye’s syndrome. Talk to your doctor before giving any medication to children.
2. Measles (Rubeola)
- Key features:
- Appearance: Flat or raised red spots.
- Location: Rash spreads from head to toe.
- Is it itchy? Usually, it is not itchy.
The initial symptoms of measles are fever, cough, a runny nose, inflamed red and watery eyes (conjunctivitis), and a sore throat.
This is followed by a rash that appears on the face and hairline. It spreads from the head to the lower extremities.
The rash appears as flat red spots which are very close to each other. Raised bumps aka papules may also be seen.
Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a red background can be seen inside the cheeks. These are called Koplik’s spots.
Measles is very contagious and can spread to others. Measles is uncommon in the US due to vaccination.
Cause
Measles is caused by a virus from the paramyxovirus family.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment. The following measures are usually recommended:
- Medication to reduce fever.
- Get rest.
- Plenty of fluids.
3. Rubella (German measles)
- Key features:
- Appearance: Fine pink rash.
- Location: Rash spreads from head to toe.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy.
Rubella is a viral illness that causes a fine pink rash. The rash may be preceded by fever, red eyes, cough, runny nose, and enlarged lymph nodes.
The fine rash is pink in color and first appears on the face and spreads downward. The rash disappears in the same order.
It is commonly seen in children. If a pregnant female gets rubella, it can harm the developing baby.
Rubella is contagious and can spread to others. Rubella is uncommon in the US due to vaccination.
Cause
It is caused by the Rubella virus.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment. Mild symptoms can be managed with bed rest and acetaminophen.
4. Fifth disease
- Key features:
- Appearance: Bright red rash.
- Location: The rash first appears on the cheeks.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy.
The initial symptoms of the fifth disease include fever, headache, and runny nose. This is followed by a bright red rash on the cheeks, hence its name “slapped cheek disease”.
A few days later, a second rash may appear on the trunk, buttocks, arms, and legs. This rash has a lacy or netlike pattern.
It is commonly seen in children. In adults, it may cause painful and swollen joints (especially in females).
Fifth disease is contagious but once the rash appears, a person is considered to be no longer contagious.
Cause
The fifth disease is a viral infection caused by parvovirus B19.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment. The symptoms can be managed with medications like Tylenol.
5. Roseola (Sixth disease)
- Key features:
- Appearance: Flat or raised red spots.
- Location: May spread to the whole body.
- Is it itchy? Usually, it is not itchy.
Roseola starts with a sudden onset of high fever, which may be accompanied by other symptoms: sore throat, runny nose, and cough.
Once the fever breaks, a rash with red flat or raised spots appears on the chest, abdomen and back, followed by a spread to the neck and arms. It may spread to the face and legs.
It is common in young children. Roseola is contagious; however, once the fever has been gone for 24 hours, roseola is no longer contagious.
Cause
It is a viral infection caused by human herpesvirus (HHV) type 6 (more commonly) and type 7.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for roseola. Your doctor may recommend medications for fever like Tylenol.
6. Chickenpox
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red bumps, blisters, and spots with crusting.
- Location: Widespread.
- Is it itchy? It is usually itchy.
Chicken is a viral infection that causes a blister rash. The rash occurs in three phases: first red spots appear followed by the formation of blisters and then crust or scab formation. The new rash spots keep appearing so you can see all three phases together.
On darker skin tones, the rash can look skin-colored or slightly darker than the skin.
It is usually very itchy and scratching can make one more prone to secondary infections. It may be accompanied by systemic symptoms like fever, headache, and malaise. The rash usually lasts for around 2 weeks.
Chickenpox is contagious until all the lesions crust or scab. Chickenpox is commonly seen in children, but cases have declined since the introduction of the chickenpox vaccine.
Cause
Chickenpox is caused by the Varicella-zoster virus. One can get the virus by coming in close contact with skin lesions or contaminated surfaces.
Treatment
The treatment is symptomatic and consists of medications to reduce fever. Your doctor may recommend topicals to reduce itching. Antiviral medication may be prescribed for some people.
7. Shingles
- Key features:
- Appearance: Blisters and crusts.
- Location: One side of the body like the left torso.
- Is it itchy? It is usually itchy.
Shingles is a painful blister rash that appears on one side of the body, usually on the torso.
It may be preceded by burning and itching followed by red spots which form fluid-filled bumps. Eventually, these undergo crusting.
It may be accompanied by symptoms like fever or fatigue.
Cause
Shingles occur due to the same virus that causes chickenpox – Varicella-zoster virus.
Once a person gets chickenpox, this virus stays dormant in the body for life. It can reactivate years later leading to shingles.
The precipitating factors are suppressed immune system, certain medications, medical conditions like HIV, diabetes, or cancer, and stress.
A person with shingles can spread the virus to others who never had chickenpox or vaccination against it. It can lead to chickenpox in such people.
Treatment
Antiviral medications, best when started within 72 hours, can help in faster healing and prevention of complications. Your doctor may also prescribe medication to decrease pain.
8. Cold sores
- Key features:
- Appearance: Blisters, which heal by crusting.
- Location: Usually on or around the lips.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy.
Cold sores also called fever blisters are a common viral infection. It presents with a blister rash. Before the rash appears, one may feel itching, tingling, or burning sensation. This is followed by red spots which form blisters. These burst or ooze and crust.
It commonly involves the areas around or on the lips but it can also involve the eyes or skin on the cheeks.
The rash usually clears in 1-2 weeks. Cold sores are contagious until the lesions heal completely.
Cause
Cold sores are caused by herpes simplex virus (usually type 1). Once a person gets infected, the virus stays in the body and can reactivate leading to recurrent outbreaks.
Treatment
Cold sores usually clear on their own. Over-the-counter lip balms or ointments with benzocaine can reduce the discomfort. Over-the-counter topical cream – Abreva, has an antiviral and can help in faster healing of the sores.
In some cases, your doctor may prescribe topical or oral antivirals.
Read the full article on cold sores here.
9. Ringworm
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red circular rash.
- Location: Can involve any area.
- Is it itchy? It’s usually very itchy.
Ringworm is a fungal infection that leads to a red circular rash. It appears as red rings with clear centers. The edge of the ring may be raised and may have bumps. In darker skin tones, the rash may appear gray or brown.
The surface may be scaly or flaky. The rash is usually very itchy.
Ringworm is contagious and can spread by direct contact with the lesions or infected surfaces.
Cause
It is caused by a group of fungi called dermatophytes.
Treatment
Over-the-counter anti-fungal ointments or creams with miconazole, terbinafine, or clotrimazole may clear mild ringworm infection of the skin.
For severe cases and ringworm of the beard and scalp area, prescription medications and oral antifungals may be prescribed.
See more articles on ringworm here.
10. Impetigo
- Key features:
- Appearance: Blisters followed by honey-colored crust.
- Location: Face and limbs.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy.
Impetigo is a skin infection commonly seen in young children (2-5 years). It usually involves the area around the mouth and nose, arms, and legs.
It can lead to red bumps which form blisters. These blisters can burst revealing red areas which form a honey-colored crust. The rash may be itchy.
Impetigo is contagious and can spread by direct contact and contaminated surfaces.
Cause
Impetigo is an infection caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria.
Treatment
It is usually treated with a topical antibiotic called mupirocin. In some cases, oral antibiotics may be needed.
11. Scarlet fever
- Key features:
- Appearance: Small rough red spots.
- Location: May be widespread.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy.
Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection that can lead to a sore throat, fever, and skin rash. It first leads to red discolored areas on the skin, followed by tiny red spots that can feel rough. It is often referred to as sandpaper rash.
On darker skin tones, it may be hard to see the rash.
It usually first appears on the trunk, underarms, and groin and then spreads to other parts of the body. It may be itchy.
The face may have a flushed appearance and the tongue may appear bright red.
Scarlet fever is contagious and can spread to others via infected droplets.
Cause
Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (which is a Group A streptococcus). It releases a toxin that causes the rash.
Treatment
It is treated with antibiotics like penicillin or amoxicillin.
12. Cellulitis
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red, tender, and swollen areas.
- Location: Usually involves the lower legs.
- Is it itchy? It usually isn’t itchy but may itch when it starts healing.
Cellulitis is a bacterial infection that involves deeper layers of skin. It usually involves the lower legs. The affected areas are red, swollen, painful, and warm to the touch.
It may be accompanied by fever, chills, and fatigue.
Cellulitis is considered to be not contagious.
Cause
It is usually caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria. The common risk factors are an injury or cut, insect bites, surgical wounds, weakened immune systems, or inflammatory skin conditions like eczema.
Treatment
If diagnosed early, it can be treated with oral antibiotics. Severe cases may require intravenous antibiotics and hospitalization.
This is a serious skin condition and if left untreated, the infection can spread into the blood and other organs leading to complications.
13. Erysipelas
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red rash with clear demarcation and swelling.
- Location: Usually involves the lower legs and face.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy when it starts healing.
Erysipelas is a form of cellulitis, however, unlike cellulitis, it only involves the upper layers of skin. The rash has a very sharp border of demarcation. The involved area looks shiny and is swollen, warm to the touch, and painful.
It usually involves the lower legs and face but it can involve other parts of the body. When it involves the face, it can lead to a rash in a butterfly pattern on the cheeks and nose.
It is often accompanied by fevers and chills. It usually affects infants and older people.
Erysipelas is not contagious.
Cause
Most cases of erysipelas are caused by bacteria – Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci).
Just like cellulitis, any skin injury or disruption in the skin barrier or suppressed immune system can make one more prone to erysipelas.
Treatment
Erysipelas is treated with antibiotics like penicillin. In addition, cool compress or medications to reduce pain can help in managing the symptoms.
14. Scabies
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red spots (may form blisters).
- Location: In adults, it involves the skin folds.
- Is it itchy? It is usually very itchy.
Scabies leads to an itchy rash that appears as red bumps on the skin. These may form blisters or fluid-filled bumps. One may also see small burrows.
The scratching from itching the lesions can lead to erosions and secondary infections like impetigo.
In adults, it commonly involves skin folds, including the inside of the elbow or wrist, between the fingers, groin, axilla, waist, nipple, buttock, and feet.
In young children, the head and neck, palms, and soles are commonly involved.
Scabies is very contagious and can spread by close contact or by sharing personal items.
Cause
Scabies is caused by a mite called Sarcoptes scabiei.
Treatment
Scabies is treated with topical medications like permethrin (5%), benzyl benzoate (25%), crotamiton (10%), or sulfur (5 to 10%). In some cases, your doctor may prescribe oral ivermectin.
15. Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis)
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red spots.
- Location: Areas exposed to contaminated water.
- Is it itchy? It is usually itchy.
Swimmer’s itch presents with an itchy red rash which may look like pimples. These may be associated with a burning or itching sensation. The rash usually clears in a week.
Swimmer’s itch is not contagious.
Cause
This occurs due to an allergic reaction to a parasite. One can get it by swimming in contaminated fresh and saltwater (such as lakes, and ponds). The parasite can burrow into the skin but since humans are not the primary host it cannot survive for long but causes the skin rash.
Treatment
The symptoms can be managed with topical anti-itch creams or over-the-counter antihistamines. If these don’t help, your doctor may recommend prescription topicals or creams.
16. Lyme disease (Erythema migrans)
- Key features:
- Appearance: Circular rash with targetoid or bull’s eye appearance.
- Location: Begins at the site of the tick bite.
- Is it itchy? It is usually not itchy.
Erythema migrans is a rash on the skin that may appear 3 to 30 days after an infected tick bite (in 70% of cases).
It starts as a red patch that expands over time and may reach several cm in size. It has a targetoid or bull’s eye appearance. The center is usually a red spot, the site where the tick had bitten. It is surrounded by a clear or light pink zone, followed by a red ring on the outer side.
In some cases, the area may be uniform of one color. It may be hard to see the rash in darker skin tones.
In around 50% of cases, flu-like symptoms like headache, fever, chills, joint pain, or enlarged lymph nodes may be seen.
If left untreated it can involve several other parts of the body like the heart, central nervous system, eyes, etc.
The late symptoms may include chest pain, abnormal heart rate, arthritis, nerve pain or numbness, headache, dizziness, facial paralysis, or vision loss.
Lyme disease is not contagious (no evidence).
Cause
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection, caused by Borrelia. It occurs when an infected tick bites a human. It is common in some parts of the USA and Europe.
Treatment
Lyme disease is treated with antibiotics and the outcome is best if treated in early stages.
17. Flea bites
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red bumps in clusters.
- Location: Usually on lower legs, feet, and ankles.
- Is it itchy? It is usually itchy.
Flea bites are most commonly seen on the feet, ankles, and lower legs.
They appear as red itchy bumps which may form blisters. A discolored ring or halo may appear around the bite.
The bites usually appear in clusters. In some cases, it may cause an allergic reaction leading to hives.
Cause
Flea bites appear when a flea feeds on our blood. These are small dark brown or black insects. They are wingless so they cannot fly. However, they can jump from one place to another.
Treatment
The symptoms can be managed with a cold compress, antihistamines, or steroids. In addition, you will need to treat your house to completely get rid of the fleas.
18. Bed bug bites
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red bumps in a line, cluster, or zigzag pattern.
- Location: Areas that are exposed at night like face, feet, and hands.
- Is it itchy? It is usually itchy.
The bed bug bites at night and the bites are usually seen on exposed areas like the face, hands, arms, feet, and legs.
The bites appear as red bumps which are often seen in a linear or zigzag pattern.
Cause
Bed bugs are small insects that feed on human blood. They hide in dark places like mattresses, bedding, and carpets.
Treatment
The bed bug bites usually clear on their own. Antihistamines or steroids can help in reducing the symptoms.
The house should also be treated to get rid of bed bugs (it is often recommended to use a professional pest control company).
19. Hives
- Key features:
- Appearance: Pink or red oval, round or irregular bumps, may appear skin-colored or dark in darker skin tones.
- Location: Localized or widespread.
- Is it itchy? It is usually itchy.
Hives or urticaria lead to itchy pink or red oval, round, or irregular-shaped raised bumps on the skin. In darker skin tones, the bumps may appear skin-colored or slightly darker than the skin.
The smaller bumps may come together to form larger spots. If the red bump is pressed, it turns pale in color. The bumps usually last for a short duration.
Hives are not contagious.
Cause
These often occur due to the release of histamine from our immune cells. It can occur in response to certain foods, medications, pollen, animal dander, and some infections.
Treatment
Hives usually clear on their own. One should avoid what initially triggered the rash. Antihistamines may help in managing the symptoms.
Note: Hives may be associated with anaphylaxis which is a serious allergic reaction. It can lead to difficulty breathing, chest tightness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and confusion. One should go to the hospital immediately if there are any of these symptoms.
20. Psoriasis
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red scaly plaques (raised lesions)
- Location: Elbows, knees, scalp, trunk.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy.
Psoriasis is of different types and the symptoms can vary depending on the type.
Plaque psoriasis is the most common type which leads to red raised areas called plaques covered with white or silvery scales. If the scales are removed, it can lead to bleeding points. This is called the Auspitz sign.
In darker skin tones, the affected area may appear dark brown, gray, or purplish in color.
The commonly affected areas are elbows, knees, scalp, and trunk.
Psoriasis is not contagious.
Cause
The exact cause is not known. Genetic factors, immune system, and environmental factors may play a role in it.
Treatment
The treatment usually includes shampoos or topicals with coal tar or salicylic acid. In some cases, topical steroids, immunosuppressants, and vitamin D or A derivatives are prescribed. Phototherapy may also be recommended.
21. Pityriasis rosea
- Key features:
- Appearance: Salmon pink or red scaly slightly raised patches.
- Location: The first patch is on the trunk, and the second rash is more widespread.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy.
Pityriasis rosea can cause a skin rash that may be preceded by flu-like symptoms.
First, a single salmon-pink or red patch appears, which is called the “Herald patch”. It is oval or circular (can be up to 10 cm) and usually appears on the trunk – chest, back, or abdomen.
Up to 2 weeks later, smaller red spots can appear (in a Christmas tree pattern). These can be more widespread and usually involve the arms, thighs, and trunk.
The rash may be associated with itching.
Pityriasis rosea is not contagious.
Cause
The exact cause is not known. There are some theories that include association with certain viruses (like herpesvirus type 6) or medications.
Treatment
The rash usually clears on its own in 6-10 weeks. If the itching is severe, your doctor may prescribe antihistamines or steroids.
22. Dyshidrotic eczema
- Key features:
- Appearance: Blisters.
- Location: Palms and soles
- Is it itchy? It is usually itchy.
Dyshidrotic eczema leads to a rash on the palms and soles along the sides of fingers and toes. It appears as itchy fluid-filled blisters which clear in 2-3 weeks leaving behind red and dry skin.
It is commonly seen in young women in the age group of 20-40 years.
Dyshidrotic eczema is not contagious.
Cause
The exact cause is not known. However, it is often seen in people who have a family history of dyshidrotic eczema or a history of allergies.
It is also associated with factors like excess sweating, stress, hot and humid climate, and contact with metals like nickel.
Treatment
Dyshidrotic eczema is usually treated with topical steroids. In some cases, oral steroids, medications that suppress the immune system, or phototherapy may be recommended.
Botulinum toxin injection may help with excessive sweating.
Read the full article on dyshidrotic eczema.
23. Atopic dermatitis
- Key features:
- Appearance: Redness, dryness, red bumps (may form blisters), thickening of the skin.
- Location: Usually where the skin flexes like the front of the elbow.
- Is it itchy? It is usually itchy.
Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of eczema which causes a red and itchy rash. The symptoms may vary with age.
- In infants, it commonly involves the face, scalp, or limbs. The rash appears as red spots which may form blisters.
- In children, red patches may be seen on the flexural aspects like the front of the elbow, back of the knee, or front of the neck.
- In adults, it commonly presents with dryness and thickening of the skin.
Atopic dermatitis is not contagious.
Cause
The exact cause is not known. It may be associated with genetics, skin barrier defect, altered skin microbiome, or environmental factors.
Treatment
Mild cases may be managed with gentle skin care and barrier repair creams or moisturizers.
In some cases, topical steroids, immunosuppressants, or other topicals may be prescribed.
24. Rosacea
- Key features:
- Appearance: Redness, bumps (may form pustules), and broken capillaries.
- Location: Face – cheeks, chin, and forehead.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy.
Rosacea is a chronic skin condition characterized by redness and flushing. It is of 4 types:
- Erythematotelangiectatic type: It presents with persistent redness. Broken capillaries may be seen in the background.
- Papulopustular type: It presents with redness and bumps – papules and pustules. These are usually seen on the cheeks, chin, and forehead
- Phymatous type: It presents with the thickening of the skin.
- Ocular rosacea: It affects the eyes.
The rash may be associated with an itching or burning sensation.
Rosacea is not contagious.
Cause
The exact cause is not clear. Genetics, the immune system, Demodex mites, and environmental factors may play some role in it.
Certain factors can precipitate it like spicy food, alcohol, stress, exercise, and extreme temperatures.
Treatment
Rosacea is treated with topicals like metronidazole, azelaic acid, and ivermectin. Oral antibiotics may be prescribed in some cases.
Redness and broken capillaries or telangiectasia may be improved with laser or intense pulsed light therapy.
25. Seborrheic dermatitis
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red patches covered with thick greasy scales, it may appear brown, gray, or hypopigmented in darker skin tones.
- Location: Face, scalp, or chest.
- Is it itchy? It is usually itchy.
Seborrheic dermatitis is a rash that presents with itchy red patches covered with thick yellow scales.
In people with darker skin tones, it may present with dark patches or hypopigmented areas. In some cases, arcuate or petal-like patches are seen. This is called petaloid seborrheic dermatitis.
It commonly involves skin between the eyebrows, behind ears, ear canals, nose, nasolabial folds, scalp, chest, and back.
Seborrheic dermatitis is not contagious.
Cause
The exact cause behind it is not clear. The main associated factors include Malassezia (a fungus that is part of the normal flora of our skin), excessive oiliness, and skin barrier dysfunction.
Treatment
Mild cases of seborrheic dermatitis may be managed by the use of dandruff shampoos with antifungals and keratolytic. These include zinc pyrithione, salicylic acid, ketoconazole, and selenium sulfide.
For severe cases, your doctor may prescribe topical antifungals, steroids, or oral medications.
26. Heat rash
- Key features:
- Appearance: Tiny red bumps on the skin.
- Location: Areas covered with clothing or skin folds.
- Is it itchy? It is usually itchy.
Heat rash (miliaria) can appear after spending time in a hot and humid climate. The most common type, miliaria rubra, presents with tiny itchy red dots on the skin which may resemble pimples.
It usually occurs in areas covered with clothes or skin folds like the neck, shoulders, chest, axilla, and groin.
It can occur at any age, although it is commonly seen in babies and children.
Heat rash is not contagious.
Cause
Heat rash is caused by to trapping of sweat under the skin in hot climates.
Treatment
The rash usually clears on its own. Cold baths and antihistamines can help in reducing the symptoms.
In addition, wear loose breathable clothes and avoid the use of thick skincare products.
27. Contact dermatitis
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red patches, bumps, blisters, or scaliness.
- Location: Area of contact.
- Is it itchy? It is usually associated with itching.
Contact dermatitis is a rash that appears if the skin comes in contact with an allergen or irritant. It appears as red patches, bumps, swelling, blistering, oozing, or cracking of the skin.
It is usually associated with itching.
Contact dermatitis is not contagious.
Types and cause
Allergic contact dermatitis occurs when the skin comes in contact with an allergen. The common allergens are poison ivy, latex, pollen, pet dander, metals like nickel, molds, etc.
Irritant contact dermatitis can occur when the skin comes in contact with an irritant. The irritant can damage the skin barrier. The common irritants are harsh surfactants, fragrances, essential oils, dyes, etc.
Treatment
One should avoid any further contact with the allergen or irritant. The symptoms can be managed with a cool compress, antihistamines, and topical steroids.
28. Perioral dermatitis
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red scaly rash, may form bumps.
- Location: Around the mouth, eyes, or nose.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy.
Perioral dermatitis is a red scaly rash that usually appears around the mouth. It can also occur around the nose and eyes.
It may consist of small red bumps – papules. Some of these may be filled with pus (pustules). It may be associated with an itching and burning sensation.
It is commonly seen in females in the age group of 20-40 years.
Perioral dermatitis is not contagious.
Cause
The exact is not clear. It is often associated with the topical use of steroids, steroid inhalers, changes in hormones, toothpaste with fluoride, dental fillings, and occlusive cosmetics.
Treatment
One should not use any topical steroids for perioral dermatitis as that can make it worse. It is treated with topical (metronidazole, erythromycin) or oral antibiotics (like doxycycline, and minocycline).
29. Lichen planus
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red or purple shiny bumps.
- Location: Usually involves lower back, wrists, and ankles.
- Is it itchy? It is usually itchy.
Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory condition that can affect skin, nails, scalp, and mucous membranes.
Lichen planus can lead to an itchy skin rash with shiny red or purple bumps that are flat-topped. These are firm on palpation.
The bumps may be crossed by fine white lines called Wickham striae. It may also lead to rough and scaly patches. The rash is usually seen on the wrist, ankles, and lower back.
Lichen planus is not contagious.
Cause
It is thought to occur due to our own immune cells attacking our skin (autoimmune process).
It is associated with several factors like – genetics, stress, any injury, certain drugs, and systemic viral infections like hepatitis C.
Treatment
The spots may disappear on their own (it may leave areas of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation which may take a while to fade).
Your doctor may prescribe medications to manage the symptoms. These may include steroids, immunosuppressants, antihistamines, and retinoids.
30. Granuloma annulare (localized type)
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red or purple circular spots.
- Location: Usually involves hands, feet, wrists, and ankles.
- Is it itchy? Usually, it’s not itchy.
Granuloma annulare is an inflammatory skin condition. The localized type of granuloma annulare is the most common type and is usually seen in children and young adults.
It presents with ring-shaped red or purple spots on the skin. The surface of these spots is smooth and the center may be slightly depressed. It doesn’t hurt or itch.
It commonly involves feet, hands, wrists, or ankles.
Granuloma annulare is not contagious.
Cause
The exact cause is not known. The precipitating factors include injury, insect bites, infection, medications, or sun exposure.
Treatment
These spots usually resolve over time: however, treatment can help in clearing them faster.
The common treatments include topical steroids or calcineurin inhibitors, oral medications like steroids or antimalarials, freezing, and lasers.
31. Intertrigo
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red and moist areas.
- Location: Usually involves the skin folds.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy.
Intertrigo is an inflammatory skin condition that involves the skin folds like armpits, behind ears, under breasts, between toes, etc.
The affected area is red, moist, and macerated. The skin may crack or peel. One may feel uncomfortable or feel a sensation of burning or itching.
If a secondary infection occurs, there may be a foul smell, and red tender, or pus-filled bumps.
Cause
It is thought to occur due to friction and trapping of moisture and heat.
Risk factors include being overweight, diabetic, a hot and humid environment, and excessive sweating.
Treatment
- The affected area should be kept clean and dry.
- A skin barrier cream may decrease the friction between the skin folds.
- Your doctor may recommend topical steroids for the inflammation.
- If there is any secondary infection, your doctor may recommend topical antifungals or antibiotics.
32. Diaper rash
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red flat spots (small bumps may be seen).
- Location: Diaper area.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy.
Diaper rash is a type of intertrigo that affects the diaper area in small children or anyone who wears a diaper. It presents with a flat red rash. Small bumps may also be seen.
It is often tender and itchy and the child may be uncomfortable, especially during diaper changes.
Diaper rash is usually not contagious.
Cause
It occurs due to exposure of the skin to urine and feces. In addition, diapers create a warm and moist environment.
Treatment
- Change the diapers frequently.
- Dry the skin thoroughly or let the area air dry.
- Use soft fragrance-free wipes.
- Apply zinc oxide paste to protect the skin.
- If you see any signs of infection, like fever, blisters, or pus-filled sores, contact your doctor. They may recommend topical antifungal or antibiotic creams.
33. Stasis dermatitis
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red, dry, and scaly areas.
- Location: Lower legs and ankles.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy.
Stasis dermatitis leads to a rash on the lower legs and ankles. The affected area is red with dryness, scaliness, and thickening of the skin. In darker skin tones, the area may appear brown, purple, or gray in color.
The area may be swollen and may be associated with itching. In some cases, sores or ulcers may develop.
Stasis dermatitis is not contagious.
Cause
It occurs due to poor circulation in the area. Some risk factors include venous insufficiency, heart failure, physical inactivity, obesity, high blood pressure, and blood clots in the legs.
Treatment
The underlying cause should be addressed and treated. Your doctor may recommend topical steroids and if there is any secondary infection, topical antibiotics may be prescribed.
The other treatment measures may include:
- Elevation of legs.
- Compression stockings.
- A diet low in salt.
34. Polymorphic light eruption
- Key features:
- Appearance: Pink or red spots.
- Location: Sun-exposed areas.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy.
Polymorphic light eruption is a rash seen on sun-exposed areas of skin like the neck, upper chest, and arms or legs (face involvement is not very common). It is seasonal and usually appears every year in the spring or early summer. The rash can appear within hours or 1-2 days after sun exposure.
One can see pink or red bumps or flat patches. It may be harder to see the rash in darker skin tones. In some cases, one can see blisters, thickened raised areas, or round lesions.
They may be associated with an itching or burning sensation.
The rash usually clears in 10-14 days. It is not contagious.
Cause
The exact reason why it happens in some people is not clear. The rash occurs due to the development of sensitivity to sunlight, especially UV radiation. This triggers the immune system, leading to a rash.
It is seen during the spring and summer seasons. The severity of the rash may decrease as the season goes by. This is thought to occur due to the skin getting used to the sun (also called hardening). However, the rash usually reappears every season.
Treatment
It usually resolves on its own in 1-2 weeks. In some cases, your doctor may recommend topical steroids.
In addition, use sunscreen or sun-protective clothing and avoid the sun between 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.
35. Lupus
- Key features:
- Appearance: Acute – red malar rash, Subacute and chronic – red raised spots.
- Location: Depends on the type, but usually seen in sun-exposed areas.
- Is it itchy? Acute type may be associated with itching.
Cutaneous lupus is a group of disorders that affect the skin. These may or may not be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.
It is of three main types, which include:
- Acute cutaneous lupus presents with a flat red rash on the cheeks and nose in a butterfly pattern.
- Subacute cutaneous lupus presents with red raised circular spots with a scaly surface. It commonly involves sun-exposed areas like the upper arms or trunk.
- Chronic cutaneous lupus: The most common subtype is discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE). It presents with red scaly raised areas (plaques) which can lead to scarring and hair loss. It is commonly seen on the scalp, ears, cheeks, nose, and lips.
Lupus is more common in females and usually occurs between ages 20-50 years.
Lupus is not contagious.
Cause
The exact cause is not known. Genetics, the immune system, and environmental factors may play a role in it.
Treatment
One should avoid smoking and protect skin from the sun by using sunscreen and sun-protective clothing.
The treatment options may include topical steroids, oral steroids, antimalarials, or immunomodulators.
36. Drug allergy
- Key features:
- Appearance: Red patches, bumps, or hives.
- Location: Usually widespread.
- Is it itchy? It may be itchy.
Drug allergy can lead to red patches, bumps, hives, and in some cases blisters.
Note: In rare cases, drugs can cause a serious life-threatening allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. It can lead to a rash, swelling of the throat, difficulty in breathing, low blood pressure, dizziness, or fainting. This requires emergency medical care.
Cause
This occurs when our body identifies a drug or medication as harmful, just like it does for a microbe.
This activates our immune system which can lead to a skin rash. The symptoms can appear within hours or days of taking the medication.
The drugs commonly known to cause such reactions include antibiotics (especially penicillin and sulfa drugs), antiseizure medications, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Treatment
Most drug rashes clear in a few days once the drug is stopped. If the rash is very itchy, your doctor may recommend antihistamines or steroids.
Common causes
Rashes can occur due to several reasons. Some rashes have a known cause while some do not have a clear etiology.
Some of the common causes of rashes include:
- Infections
- Autoimmune process
- Allergy
- Drugs or medications
- Genetic
- Sunlight or UV rays
- Irritants
When to see a doctor
While some rashes can be treated at home, some can be serious and may require further examination by a doctor.
One should see a doctor:
- If the rash involves a large area of the body.
- The rash is not improving.
- It is accompanied by other systemic symptoms like fever, chills, or sore throat.
- The rash involves your eyes.
- The rash appeared after a tick bite.
- The area involved is hot and very painful.
- You see pus or foul-smelling discharge.
- You are not sure what is causing the rash.
In addition, you should go to hospital or emergency immediately if you have:
- Difficulty breathing.
- Dizziness or confusion.
- Severe headache.
- High fever.
- Swelling of face, around eyes or throat.
Diagnosis
Your doctor will do a physical examination which involves examining the rash. Your doctor may ask you for more details about when the rash started, associated symptoms or any recent exposure, your current medications, any past medical history, and your family history.
In some cases, additional testing may be done. This may include:
- Blood testing.
- Allergy tests.
- Culture for infectious causes.
- Skin biopsy.
At home care
Not every rash can be treated at home. However, one can follow these general measures when caring for rashes.
- Use a cold compress to soothe the area.
- An oatmeal bath can relieve itching.
- Use warm and not hot water to wash the area.
- Use a pH-balanced body wash or soap which is free of dyes, fragrances, and essential oils.
- Use a moisturizer meant for sensitive skin, which is free of fragrance.
- Keep your nails trimmed.
Key points
Rashes are abnormal changes in the skin and can occur due to many different causes. These include viral, bacterial, or fungal infections, inflammatory skin conditions (like rosacea, psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis), insect bites, allergic reactions, and eczema.
Some rashes can be treated at home or may resolve on their own; however, some require proper diagnosis and treatment.
References
- Intertrigo. Oakley A. DermNet.
- Stasis Dermatitis. National Eczema Association.
- Oakley AM, Ramsey ML. Polymorphic Light Eruption. [Updated 2022 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan.
- Bed bugs. American Academy of Dermatology Association.
- Measles. CDC.
- Rubella. CDC.
- Roseola. MayoClinic.
- Fifth disease. CDC.
- Lyme disease. DermNet.
- Ardern-Jones MR, Friedmann PS. Skin manifestations of drug allergy. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 May;71(5):672-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03703.x. PMID: 21480947; PMCID: PMC3093073.
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Cellulitis: all you need to know.
- Pardo S, Perera TB. Scarlet Fever. [Updated 2022 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan.
- Ely JW, Seabury Stone M. The generalized rash: part I. Differential diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Mar 15;81(6):726-34. PMID: 20229971.
Disclaimer: This blog post is for information purposes only and does not replace medical advice.